卫灵公第十五
『１』卫灵公问陈於孔子。孔子对曰∶「俎豆之事，则尝闻之矣；军旅之事，未之
学也。」明日遂行。在陈绝粮。从者病，莫能兴。子路愠见曰∶「君子亦有穷乎？」
子曰∶「君子固穷；小人斯滥矣。」
『２』子曰∶「赐也，女以予为多学而识之者与？」对曰∶「然，非与？」曰∶「
非也！予一以贯之。」
『３』子曰∶「由，知德者鲜矣！」
『４』子曰∶「无为而治者，其舜也与！夫何为哉？恭己正南面而已矣。」
『５』子张问「行」。子曰∶「言忠信，行笃敬，虽蛮貊之邦行矣；言不忠信，行
不笃敬，虽州里，行乎哉？立，则见其参於前也；在舆，则见期倚於衡也；夫然後行！
」子张书诸绅。
『６』子曰∶「直哉史鱼！邦有道，如矢；邦无道，如矢。君子哉蘧伯玉！邦有道
，则仕；邦无道，则可卷而怀之。」
『７』子曰∶「可与言，而不与之言，失人；不可与言，而与之言，失言。知者不
失人，亦不失言。」
『８』子曰∶「志士仁人，无求生以害仁，有杀身以成仁。」
『９』子贡问「为仁」。子曰∶「工欲善其事，必先利其器。居是邦也，事其大
夫之贤者，友其士之仁者。」
『１０』颜渊问「为邦」。子曰∶「行夏之时，乘殷之辂。服周之冕。乐则韶舞。
放郑声，远佞人；郑声淫，佞人殆。」
『１１』子曰∶「人无远虑，必有近忧。」
『１２』子曰∶「已矣乎！吾未见好德如好色者也！」
『１３』子曰∶「臧文仲，其窃位者与？知柳下惠之贤，而不与立也。」
『１４』子曰∶「躬自厚，而薄责於人，则远怨矣！」
『１５』子曰∶「不曰∶『如之何，如之何』者，吾末如之何也已矣？」
『１６』子曰∶「群居终日，言不及义，好行小慧；难矣哉！」
『１７』子曰∶「君子义以为质，礼以行之，孙以出之，信以成之；君子哉！」
『１８』子曰∶「君子病无能焉，不病人之不己知也。」
『１９』子曰∶「君子疾没世而名不称焉。」
『２０』子曰∶「君子求诸己；小人求诸人。」
『２１』子曰∶「君子矜而不争，群而不党。」
『２２』子曰∶「君子不以言举人；不以人废言。」
『２３』子贡问曰∶「有一言而可以终身行之者乎？」子曰∶「其恕乎！己所不欲
，勿施於人。」
『２４』子曰∶「吾之於人也，谁毁谁誉？如有所誉者，其有所试矣。斯民也，三
代之所以直道而行也。」
『２５』子曰∶「吾犹及史之阙文也；有马者，借人乘之；今亡矣夫！」
『２６』子曰∶「巧言乱德。小不忍，则乱大谋。」
『２７』子曰∶「众恶之，必察焉；众好之，必察焉。」
『２８』子曰∶「人能弘道，非道弘人。」
『２９』子曰∶「过而不改，是谓过矣！」
『３０』子曰∶「吾尝终日不食，终夜不寝，以思；无益，不如学也。」
『３１』子曰∶「君子谋道不谋食；耕也，馁在其中矣；学也，禄在其中矣。君子
忧道不忧贫。」
『３２』子曰∶「知及之，仁不能守之；虽得之，必失之。知及之，仁能守之，不
庄以泣之；则民不敬。知及之，仁能守之，庄以泣之，动之不以礼；未善也。」
『３３』子曰∶「君子不可小知，而可大受也；小人不可大受，而可小知也。」
『３４』子曰∶「民之於仁也，甚於水火。水火，吾见蹈而死者矣；未见蹈仁而死
者也。」
『３５』子曰∶「当仁，不让於师。」
『３６』子曰∶「君子贞而不谅。」
『３７』子曰∶「事君，敬其事而後其食。」
『３８』子曰∶「有教无类。」
『３９』子曰∶「道不同，不相为谋。」
『４０』子曰∶「辞，达而已矣！」
『４１』师冕见。及阶，子曰∶「阶也！」及席，子曰∶「席也！」皆坐，子告之
曰∶「某在斯！某在斯！」师冕出，子张问曰∶「与师言之道与？」子曰∶「然，
固相师之道也。」
15:1 Duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius about military tactics.
Confucius said, "I know about the handling of ritual sacrifices, but I have not studied strategy."
The next day, he and his disciples continued their travels. By the time they got to Chan, they had run out of provisions, and Tzu Lu was obviously angry about it. He said, "Must the Superior Man suffer such dire straits?"
Confucius said, "The Superior Man remains stable when in dire straits. The inferior man falls apart."
15:2 Confucius said, "Ssu, do you think that I am a person who studies widely and memorizes all of it?"
Ssu replied, "It seems that way. But perhaps not?"
Confucius said, "The answer is no. I penetrate all with one."
15:3 Confucius said: "Yu, those who understand virtue are few and far between."
15:4 Confucius said: "Cannot Shun be considered as one who governed without overreaching (wu-wei)? What did he do? He permeated himself with courtesy and correctly faced South."
15:5 Tzu Chang asked about correct behavior. Confucius said: "If your speech is sincere and honest, and your way of carrying yourself is humble and reverent, such behavior will work even if you live among the Southern and Northern barbarians. But if your speech is insincere and dishonest and your way of carrying yourself is not humble and reverent, then even if you live in your hometown, you will have problems."
15:6 Confucius said: "The Historiographer Yu was truly of straight character. When the government was just, he was like an arrow. When the government was unjust, he was like an arrow."
"Chu Po Yu is definitely a Superior Man. When the government is just, he will have a position in it. When the government is unjust he can roll up his principles and keep them in his breast."
15:7 Confucius said: "When a person should be spoken with, and you don't speak with them, you lose them. When a person shouldn't be spoken with and you speak to them, you waste your breath. The wise do not lose people, nor do they waste their breath."
15:8 Confucius said: "The determined shih and the man of jen will not save their lives if it requires damaging their jen. They will even sacrifice themselves to consummate their jen."
15:9 Tzu Kung asked about jen. Confucius said, "When a craftsman wants to do a nice piece of work, he will always sharpen his tools first. When you live in a certain district, get into the service of the most worthy officers, and seek friends among scholars who are steeped in jen."
15:11 Confucius said: "If a man is not far-sighted, then suffering will be close to him."
15:14 Confucius said: "Expect much from yourself and little from others and you will avoid incurring resentments."
15:15 Confucius said: "If a man doesn't continually question, 'What is it? What is it?' I don't know what I can do for him."
[Comment] If a student is not seriously and genuinely concerned about the deeper questions of life, it is very hard to teach her/him anything of value.
15:16 Confucius said: "When a circle of people can spend the whole day together without their conversation ever touching on Righteousness, and they like to act according to small-minded wisdom, what can be done?"
15:17 Confucius said: "The Superior Man takes Righteousness as the essence. He actualizes it through propriety, demonstrates it in humility, develops it by truthfulness. This is the Superior Man!"
15:18 Confucius said: "The Superior Man suffers from his own lack of ability, not from lack of recognition."
15:19 Confucius said: "The Superior Man is concerned about the kind of reputation he will have after he passes away."
15:20 Confucius said: "The Superior Man seeks within himself. The inferior man seeks within others."
15:21 Confucius said: "The Superior Man strives but does not wrangle. He has friends, but doesn't belong to a clique."
15:22 Confucius said: "The Superior Man does not promote a man because of his words, and does not disregard the words because of the man."
15:23 Tzu Kung asked: "Is there a single concept that we can take as a guide for the actions of our whole life?"
Confucius said, "What about 'fairness'? What you don't like done to yourself, don't do to others."
15:24 Confucius said: "Among people, who should I criticize and who should I praise? If I praise someone it is because I have had some way of testing him."
"The present common people are the same material with which the rulers of the Three Dynasties The Hsia, the Yin and the Chou. manifested the correct Tao."
15:26 Confucius said: "Clever words disrupt virtue. Lack of patience in small matters leads to the disruption of great plans."
15:27 Confucius said: "If everybody hates something, you'd better check into it. If everybody loves something, you'd better check into it."
15:28 Confucius said: "The human being manifests the Tao. The Tao doesn't manifest the human being."
15:29 Confucius said: "To make a mistake and not correct it: this is a real mistake."
15:30 Confucius said: "I have spent a whole day without eating and a whole night without sleeping in order to think--but I got nothing out of it. Thinking cannot compare with studying."
15:31 Confucius said: "The Superior Man indulges in the Tao and does not indulge in his stomach. Doesn't agriculture have the avoidance of starvation as its motivating factor, and study have enrichment as its motivating factor? The Superior Man is concerned about following the Tao, and is not concerned about avoiding poverty."
15:32 Confucius said: "If your wisdom can grasp it, but your jen is incapable of maintaining it, even though you have grasped it, you will certainly lose it. If your wisdom grasps it and your jen is sufficient to maintain it, but you don't manifest it, the people will not revere you. If your wisdom grasps it, your jen is sufficient to maintain it, and you manifest it but don't act according to propriety, you are still not perfect."
[Comment] This is a decidedly Confucian perspective on the unity of essence and function, similar to that expressed in 12:8. Even with a deep understanding of reality (essence) and a concomitant reflection in the person, external polish is still necessary to be a complete human being.
15:33 Confucius said: "The Superior Man cannot act within the framework of lesser wisdom, but he can handle major affairs. The inferior man cannot handle major affairs, but he can act within the framework of lesser wisdom."
15:34 Confucius said: "The people are more in awe of jen than water or fire. But I have seen people tread on water or fire and die. I have never seen someone walk the path of jen and die."
15:35 Confucius said: "It is better to value jen than to passively follow your teacher."
15:36 Confucius said: "The Superior Man is precise, but not rigid."
15:38 Confucius said: "In teaching people, there is no discrimination (of class, type, etc.)"
15:39 Confucius said: "If your paths are different, you cannot make plans together."
15:40 Confucius said: "Speak enough to make the point, and then leave it at that."